Public Lab

Urine Analysis

Rate: Rs. 50

Sample

The test sample is urine.This may be random or morning sample.

Following parameters are checked.

Volume It is 600 to 2500 ml/24 hours.and average volume is 1200 ml/ 24 hours.

Color Normal Pale to dark yellow

Abnormal Color Many foods and medicines can affect the color of the urine.

Urine with no color may be caused by long-term kidney disease or uncontrolled diabetes. Dark yellow urine can be caused by dehydration. Red urine can be caused by blood in the urine.

Clarity Normal, Clear

Abnormal

Cloudy urine can be caused by pus (white blood cells), blood (red blood cells), sperm, bacteria, yeast, crystals, mucus, or a parasite infection, such as trichomoniasis.

Normal Odor Slightly “nutty” odor

Abnormal Odor Some foods (such as asparagus), vitamins, and antibiotics (such as penicillin) can cause urine to have a different odor.

A sweet, fruity odor may be caused by uncontrolled diabetes.

A urinary tract infection (UTI) can cause a bad odor. Urine that smells like maple syrup can mean maple syrup urine disease, when the body cannot break down certain amino acids.

Specific gravity Normal 1.005–1.030

Abnormal Sp.Gravity

A very high specific gravity means very concentrated urine, which may be caused by not drinking enough fluid, loss of too much fluid (excessive vomiting, sweating, or diarrhea), or substances (such as sugar or protein) in the urine.

Very low specific gravity means dilute urine, which may be caused by drinking too much fluid, severe kidney disease, or the use of diuretics.

pH Normal 4.6–8.0

Average person has Ph 5 to 6.

Abnormal pH

Some foods (such as citrus fruit and dairy products) and medicines (such as antacids) can affect urine pH.

A high alkaline pH can be caused by severe vomiting, a kidney disease, some urinary tract infections, and asthma.

A low acidic pH may be caused by severe lung disease emphysema), uncontrolled diabetes, aspirin overdose, severe diarrhea, dehydration, starvation, drinking too much alcohol, or drinking antifreeze (ethylene glycol).

Protein Normal None

Abnormal Protein

Protein in the urine may mean kidney damage, an infection, cancer, high blood pressure, diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), or glomerulonephritis is present.

Protein in the urine may also mean heart failure, leukemia, poison (lead or mercury poisoning), or a high blood pressure during pregnancy (preeclampsia) is present.

Glucose Normal None

Abnorma Glucose

Intravenous (IV) fluids can cause glucose to be in the urine.

Too much glucose in the urine may be caused by uncontrolled diabetes, an adrenal gland problem, liver damage, brain injury, certain types of poisoning, and some types of kidney diseases.

Healthy pregnant women can have glucose in their urine which is normal during pregnancy.

Ketones Normal None

Abnormal Ketones

Ketones in the urine can mean uncontrolled diabetes, a very low-carbohydrate diet, starvation or eating disorders (such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia), alcoholism, or poisoning from drinking rubbing alcohol (isopropanol).

Ketones are often found in the urine when a person does not eat (fasts) for 18 hours or longer. This may occur when a person is sick and cannot eat or vomits for several days.

Low levels of ketones are sometimes found in the urine of healthy pregnant women.

Bilirubin It is negative in normal urine.

*Urobilinogen*It is 0.5 to 4 mg /24 hours.

*Beta2-Microglobulin*It is structurally related to Immunoglobulin.It is used to differentiate Glomerular from tubular dysfuntion.

Microscopic analysis Normallly

Very few or no red or white blood cells or casts are seen.

No bacteria, yeast cells, or parasites are present. A few crystals are normally seen.

Abnormal Microscopic findings

Red blood cells in the urine may be caused by kidney or bladder injury, kidney stones, a urinary tract infection UTI), inflammation of the kidneys (glomerulonephritis), a kidney or bladder tumor, or systemic lupus erythematosus SLE).

White blood cells (pus cells) in the urine may be caused by a urinary tract infection, bladder tumor, inflammation of the kidneys, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), or inflammation in the vagina or under the foreskin of the penis.

CAST Depending on the type, casts can mean inflammation or damage to the tiny tubes in the kidneys, poor blood supply to the kidneys, metal poisoning (such as lead or mercury), heart failure, or a bacterial infection.

Large amounts of crystals or certain types of crystals, can mean kidney stones, damaged kidneys, or problems with metabolism. Some medicines and some types of urinary tract infections can also increase the number of crystals in urine.

Bacteria in the urine mean a urinary tract infection (UTI).

Yeast cells or parasites (such as the parasite that causes trichomoniasis) can mean an infection of the urinary tract.